However, the mission was further delayed by the hiatus in launches that occurred after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. The Centaur-G liquid hydrogen-fueled booster stage allowed a direct trajectory to Jupiter. The Inertial Upper Stage booster was going to be used at first, but this changed to the Centaur booster, then back to IUS after Challenger. Once the spacecraft was complete, its launch was scheduled for STS-61-G on-board Atlantis in 1986. On September 21, 2003, after 14 years in space and 8 years in the Jovian system, Galileo 's mission was terminated by sending it into Jupiter's atmosphere at a speed of over 48 kilometers per second (30 mi/s), eliminating the possibility of contaminating local moons with terrestrial bacteria. The extent and structure of Jupiter's magnetosphere was also mapped. Galileo also discovered that Jupiter's faint ring system consists of dust from impacts on the four small inner moons. Ganymede was shown to possess a magnetic field and the spacecraft found new evidence for exospheres around Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The data Galileo collected supported the theory of a liquid ocean under the icy surface of Europa, and there were indications of similar liquid-saltwater layers under the surfaces of Ganymede and Callisto. Io's volcanism and plasma interactions with Jupiter's atmosphere were also recorded. Jupiter's atmospheric composition and ammonia clouds were recorded, the clouds possibly created by outflows from the lower depths of the atmosphere. Tape recorder anomalies and remote repair.Second asteroid encounter 243 Ida and Dactyl.In 1994, Galileo observed Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9's collision with Jupiter. Despite suffering major antenna problems, Galileo achieved the first asteroid flyby, of 951 Gaspra, and discovered the first asteroid moon, Dactyl, around 243 Ida. It launched the first probe into Jupiter, directly measuring its atmosphere. Galileo arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, after gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth, and became the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter. It was launched on October 18, 1989, carried by Space Shuttle Atlantis, on the STS-34 mission. Named after the astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an orbiter and entry probe. Galileo was an American unmanned spacecraft that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as several other Solar System bodies.
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